The kernel is the fundamental component of an operating system that controls computer and hardware processes. It essentially handles memory and CPU time activities. It is the most important part of a computer operating system. Kernel serves as a link between applications and hardware-based data processing via inter-process communication and system calls.
When an operating system is loaded, the kernel is loaded initially and stays in memory until the operating system is shut down. It's in charge of things like disc management, task management, and memory management.
It determines which processes should be assigned to the CPU and which should be maintained in main memory for execution. It basically serves as a link between user software and hardware. The kernel's primary goal is to coordinate communication between software, such as user-level applications, and hardware, such as the CPU and disc memory.
Different Types of Kernel
Monolithic Kernel –
It's a kernel type in which all operating system services run in kernel space. There are interdependencies between the components of the system. It has a large number of lines of code that is difficult to understand.
Micro Kernel –
Kernel kinds are those that take a minimalist approach. It has thread scheduling and virtual memory. With fewer services in kernel space, it is more reliable. It places rest in the hands of the user.
Hybrid Kernel –
It's a hybrid of a monolithic kernel and a microkernel. It combines the monolithic kernel's performance and design with the modularity and stability of a microkernel.
Exo Kernel –
It's a kernel that follows the end-to-end principle. It uses the fewest feasible hardware abstractions. It assigns physical resources to different applications.
Nano Kernel –
It's a kernel that provides hardware abstraction but doesn't provide system services. Because the Micro Kernel lacks system services, the Micro Kernel and Nano Kernel have become interchangeable.